- A history of miscarriage or the death of a newborn shortly after birth
- A premature birth or post-term pregnancy, that is, the birth of a baby before 37 weeks of pregnancy or a prolonged pregnancy that has extended to or beyond 42 weeks of gestation
- A history of two miscarriages or more
- A history of giving birth to newborns with a weight of less than 2,500 grams or more than 4,000 grams at birth
- A history of slow fetal growth
- A history of giving birth to a child with an intellectual disability (ID, or mental retardation-MR)
- A history of preeclampsia
- Previous hysterectomy or other obstetric and gynecologic surgery
- Multifetal (multiple) pregnancy
- Fetal malpresentation, such as breech or transverse presentations (from 34 weeks onward)
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- Maternal age of less than 16 years or more than 40 years
- Vaginal bleeding or spotting during pregnancy
- Rh-negative blood type
- Development of a pelvic mass during pregnancy
- Maternal hypertension, which is defined as having a blood pressure of greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg
- Having insulin-dependent diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Heart disease
- Drug or alcohol abuse
- Internal medical conditions and diseases, such as anemia, hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), thalassemia, epilepsy, and tuberculosis, etc.
- If the patient has HIV/AIDS, any sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or is a hepatitis B virus carrier
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