What is Spinal Fusion?
Spinal fusion is a surgical technique used to combine two or more vertebrae. This
procedure is used primarily to eliminate the pain caused by abnormal motion of the
vertebrae by immobilizing the vertebrae themselves.
Why is Spinal Fusion done?
Spinal fusion is done most commonly in the lumbar (lower back) region of the spine,
but it is also used to treat cervical and thoracic problems. Patients requiring
spinal fusion have either neurological deficits or severe pain which has not responded
to conservative treatment.
Conditions requiring spinal fusion may be:
- degenerative disc disease
- discogenic pain
- spinal tumor
- vertebral fracture
- scoliosis
- kyphosis
- spondylolisthesis
- spondylosis
- other degenerative spinal conditions
- any condition that causes instability of the spine
How is it done?
In most cases, the fusion is augmented by a process called fixation, meaning the
placement of metallic screws (pedicle screws often made from titanium), rods or
plates, or cages to stabilize the vertebra to facilitate bone fusion. The fusion
process typically takes 6-12 months after surgery. During this time external bracing
(orthotics) may be required. External factors such as smoking, osteoporosis, certain
medications, and heavy activity can prolong or even prevent the fusion process.
If fusion does not occur, patients may require re-operation.
Risks & Complications
Injury to the spinal cord is rare, resulting in less than one per cent of all cases.
However, as with any surgery, there are risks, including the
possibility of:
- Bleeding occurring after surgery
- Infection requiring antibiotics
- Instrumentation problems- loosening of instruments after surgery
- Blood Clots
- Anesthetic Complications
Alternatives
The surgeon may discuss alternative approaches to spinal fusion such as weight loss
and use of medication to relieve pain. Physical therapy and orthopedic braces may
aid in decompressing or mobilizing the spine using non-invasive or mechanical techniques.
Convalescence
After the surgery some may experience back pain and will have to use a brace. Surgery
in adults tends to be lengthier and also recovery seems to be longer than in children.
Candidate eligibility
The surgeon will make the final determination of each patient’s eligibility for
the procedure after an examination and consultation with the patient.